![]() Data that were originally gathered for a different purpose are often used to answer a research question, which can affect the applicability to the study at hand. Self-report of patients or subjects is required for many of the measurements conducted in health care, but self-reports of behavior are particularly subject to problems with social desirability biases. Several issues may affect the accuracy of data collected, such as those related to self-report and secondary data sources. The responsiveness of the measure to change is of interest in many of the applications in health care where improvement in outcomes as a result of treatment is a primary goal of research. Validity is the extent to which the interpretations of the results of a test are warranted, which depends on the particular use the test is intended to serve. ![]() Reliability estimates evaluate the stability of measures, internal consistency of measurement instruments, and interrater reliability of instrument scores. ![]() The process of developing and validating an instrument is in large part focused on reducing error in the measurement process. Key indicators of the quality of a measuring instrument are the reliability and validity of the measures. Issues related to the validity and reliability of measurement instruments used in research are reviewed.
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